São Tomé

The name São Tomé means 'Saint Thomas' in Portuguese, following the Catholic tradition of naming geographic discoveries after the saint whose feast day coincided with the sighting. Portuguese navigators João de Santarém and Pero Escobar reached the island on December 21, 1470, the traditional feast day of Thomas the Apostle.

Uninhabited at the time of discovery, the Portuguese established the city in 1485. It quickly became a laboratory for the Atlantic slave trade, as the volcanic soil was ideal for sugar cane plantations. This established a brutal model of slave-based agriculture that would later be exported to Brazil and the Caribbean. By the 19th century, the island shifted its focus to coffee and cocoa, eventually becoming one of the world's leading cocoa producers—a legacy that persists in the island's roças (plantation estates).

Following the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal, the islands achieved independence on July 12, 1975. The capital city remains the cultural and political hub of the nation, characterized by a unique Luso-African Creole identity. The population is a historic blend of descendants of enslaved people, maroons, and contract laborers from across the former Portuguese Empire, maintaining a distinctive cultural heritage known as Forro.